稻麦联合收获机分段式脱粒装置设计与优化

针对纵轴流联合收获机在收获稻麦时出现的脱粒不彻底、分离不完全等问题,该研究设计了一种分段式纵轴流脱粒分离装置。该装置主要由锥形脱粒滚筒、脱粒强度可调式凹板筛、360°分离式凹板筛、作业参数电控调节系统等构成。通过单因素试验,分别获得了脱粒强度可调式凹板筛的开关板针对小麦和水稻脱粒的最佳开关状态。为寻求装置作业参数对脱粒效果的影响规律及最优参数组合,进行了多目标优化试验。以滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、凹板筛分离间隙及喂入量作为影响因素,以破碎率、损失率、脱出物含杂率为试验指标,建立了破碎率、损失率、脱出物含杂率的数学模型。试验结果表明:各因素对破碎率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、凹板筛脱粒间隙、导流板角度、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙;对脱出物含杂率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙;对损失率影响的显著性大小顺序为滚筒转速、导流板角度、凹板筛脱粒间隙、喂入量、凹板筛分离间隙。通过多目标参数优化分析,确定装置进行小麦脱粒的最优作业参数组合为脱粒滚筒转速905 r/min、导流板角度69°、凹板筛脱粒间隙18 mm、凹板筛分离间隙19 mm、喂入量4 kg/s。在该参数组合条件下进行了田间验证试验,结果表明,与常规纵轴流脱粒装置相比,整机作业破碎率由1.46%降为1.00%,含杂率由1.85%降为1.43%,损失率由1.72%降为1.20%,各指标实测值与模型优化值的相对误差均小于5%,满足国家相关标准要求。该装置有效解决了破碎率高、脱粒不干净、分离不彻底的问题,研究结果可为纵轴流联合收获机脱粒装置的结构改进和作业参数优化提供参考和依据。     

苜蓿秸秆压缩仿真离散元模型参数标定

为了提高苜蓿秸秆压缩过程中离散元仿真研究所用参数的准确度,该研究采用物理试验和仿真优化设计相结合的方法对离散元仿真参数进行标定。首先,以接触参数物理试验结果为仿真参数选择依据,利用Plackett-Burman试验对初始参数进行显著性筛选,方差分析结果表明,苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-45钢静摩擦系数对仿真休止角影响显著。进一步以休止角的相对误差值为评价指标,对3个显著性参数进行最陡爬坡试验,优化显著性参数取值范围,并基于Box-Behnken试验建立休止角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,以物理试验得到的38.88°休止角为目标值,对显著性参数进行寻优,得到最优组合:苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数为0.45、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数为0.08、苜蓿秸秆-45钢的静摩擦系数为0.54。最后利用T检验得到P0.05,表明仿真休止角与物理试验值无显著性差异,验证了最优参数组合的可靠性。研究结果表明,应用上述各优化试验来标定离散元仿真参数是可行的,同时标定的参数可为苜蓿秸秆的其它仿真试验提供参考。     

对-羟基苯甲酸对东北山樱桃叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以东北山樱桃(Cerasus sachalinensis Kom.)实生幼苗为试材,利用Hansatch PEA,采用叶绿素荧光诱导动力学理论和JIP-test数据分析方法,研究了对-羟基苯甲酸对叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:幼苗在不同浓度对-羟基苯甲酸(0.1A、1A、10A)处理下的叶片光合性能指数(PIABS)、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA-下游的其他电子受体的概率(Ψo)、用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)和单位面积有活性的反应中心数目(RC/CSm)较对照均有所下降;PSⅡ最大量子效率(φPo)、单位面积有活性的反应中心数目(RC/CS0)几乎没有变化;而PSⅡ受体侧的电子受体库容量(Sm)则高于对照,且呈"上升-下降"趋势。天线色素吸收的能量(ABS/RC)在低浓度下有小幅升高,反应中心捕获的能量(TRo/RC)、用于电子传递的能量(ETo/RC)及用于热耗散的能量(DIo/RC)则无明显变化。可见,对-羟基苯甲酸对东北山樱桃叶片光合结构的不同部位产生影响,进而降低光合性能,影响光合作用。     

Changes of Morphological Parameter of Wheat Seed Pretreatment by the Biocontrol Agents Bacillus subtilis QM3 during Germination

Bacillus subtilis QM3, a potential biocontrol agent and useful plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGRB) from yak dung in China with broad-spectrum and strong antifungal bioactivity, was studied to determine if it either stimulated or inhibited the germination of wheat seeds depending on the amount of bacteria. Germination rate (GR) and length of shoot (LS) increased at 10-fold dilution of QM3 fermentation liquid for 12 h (P < 0.05). Germination potentiality (GP) and root cap ration (RC) decreased at 100-fold dilution of QM3 for 0 h. Length of root (LR) and tips of root (TR) at day 7 remained at control levels at 0-fold dilution of fermentation liquid of QM3 for 24 h. The results obtained suggest that some plant diseases, environmental stresses (such as high salt and heavy metal contents), and difficulties in germination can be controlled or relieved by the use of QM3.     

品种区域试验主要决选指标及其参数的研究——Ⅳ.参数数量分类与区试品种分类

本文根据变量理论分布对区试中b值及CV值参数的数量分类,提出了适于目前普及推广的查表计算法。在此基础上,对区试品种提出了按主要生产性能指标以量定性的评定分类体系。从而推出可排除主观随意性干扰、较为完整严密的区试汇总模式,并以范例作了运用说明。     

长白和大白猪主要生长性状的遗传参数估计

旨在分析母猪的出生年份、出生季节、初生重、开测日龄等固定效应对长白、大白猪主要生长性状的影响,并对目标生长性状进行遗传参数估计（遗传力、遗传方差、表型相关和遗传相关）,为猪的遗传改良提供基本依据。本试验利用GLM模型分析试验猪群（398头长白猪和1 176头大白猪）的固定效应对猪生长性状的影响,并采用多性状动物模型对目标性状进行遗传参数估计。目标生长性状包括达100 kg体重日龄（age to 100 kg,AGE）、达100 kg背膘厚（backfat to 100 kg,BF）、100 kg平均日增重（average daily gain to 100 kg,ADG）。研究表明,在大白和长白猪中,猪的出生年、出生季、初生重以及开测日龄对生长性状均具有极显著的影响（P<0.001）;长白猪的AGE、ADG和BF的遗传力分别为0.321、0.327和0.324,大白猪对应性状的遗传力分别为0.454、0.469和0.408;长白猪的ADG和AGE之间的遗传相关、表型相关分别为-0.990、-0.995,大白猪的ADG和AGE之间的遗传相关、表型相关分别为-0.993、-0.998,均呈现较强的负相关。长白、大白猪的生长性状（AGE、ADG、BF）均属于中等遗传力性状,其出生年份、出生季节、初生重和开测日龄对猪的生长性状影响较大。在遗传参数估计分析时,提高样本数量并提升表型数据质量,可以增加遗传参数估计的可靠性。本研究中的生长性状遗传参数估计结果较为可靠,可为后续的遗传改良提供参考。     

Genetic analysis for sow stayability at different parities in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs

Genetic parameters for sow stayability were estimated from farrowing records of 10,295 Landrace sows and 8192 Large White sows. The record for sow stayability from parity k to parity k + 1 (k = 1, …, 6) was 0 when a sow had a farrowing record at parity k but not at parity k + 1, and 1 when a sow had both records. Heritability was estimated by using single-trait linear and threshold animal models. Genetic correlations among parities were estimated by using two-trait linear–linear and single-trait random regression linear animal models. Genetic correlations with litter traits at birth were estimated by using a two-trait linear–linear animal model. Heritability estimates by linear model analysis were low (0.065–0.119 in Landrace & 0.061–0.157 in Large White); those by threshold model analysis were higher (0.136–0.200 & 0.110–0.283). Genetic correlations among parities differed between breeds and models. Genetic correlation between sow stayability and number born alive was positive in many cases, implying that selection for number born alive does not reduce sow stayability. The results seem to be affected by decisions on culling made by farmers.     

假蒟提取物对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫鸡血液指标的影响

本试验旨在研究假蒟提取物对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫鸡血液指标的影响。270只1日龄海南文昌公鸡,随机分为6个组,每组3个重复,每重复15只,T1、T2和T3组为对照组(依次分为不感染不给药组、感染不给药组、感染给药组);T4、T5和T6组为假蒟添加组,分别在基础日粮中添加200、400、600mg/kg假蒟提取物粉剂。15日龄时,每组随机抽取30只鸡,除T1组灌服生理盐水外,其他各组鸡均经口接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊悬液,分别于接种前1d,接种后3、6、9d清晨采血测定其血液指标。结果表明,与感染球虫不给药的T2组相比,假蒟组(T4、T5、T6)可以显著降低感染球虫鸡粪便中球虫卵囊值(P0.05)。假蒟组在感染球虫后第6天,与T1组比,RBC、HGB、HCT、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-、TP、ALB、GLB、TG、CHOL、T4等指标呈下降趋势;但在感染球虫后第9天,TP、GLB含量均显著高于T1组(P0.05);在感染球虫后第6天,假蒟组与对照组相比,ALT、AST浓度水平均显著降低(P0.05)。结果提示,假蒟提取物能提高感染球虫后鸡机体免疫机能,降低肝脏损伤,降低鸡感染球虫后粪便卵囊值,具有一定的抗球虫效果。     

AN ACCELERATION SEARCH METHOD FOR UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN MODEL PARAMETER ESTIMATION

In order to improve the convergence rate of the algorithms, an acceleration search method along a straight or curve is proposed,and the specific calculation steps of the algorithms are presented. The numerical results in model parameter estimation show that the convergence rate is improved and the calculation accords with the practical demands.     

Saturation and Parameter Variation Influence Precision of Observer

The authors analyze the influence in vector controlled induction machine caused by parameter variation and main flux saturation affects speed estimation of adaptive state observer. According to simulation of the modified scheme with saturated induction motor model, it is proved that when the vector control scheme operates in field weakening region, the main flux saturation will obviously influence precision of speed observer and bring great error of speed estimation. Thereby, the main flux saturation should be compensated to improve performance of the vector control system.